Employee Retention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Retention - Essay Example ty of a company to entice their work force to maintain allegiance and exhibit superior performance delivery in order to satisfy the organization’s clientele. A compromise on the latter may be equated to increased staff turnover and decreased employee retention which can, thus, rescind the organization’s services and customer care (Mohr et al., 2008). Several studies and researches have aimed to analyze the marketing impacts, causes and financial aspects that govern employee retention in order to make an accurate prediction and overall formula to help organizations maximize their human resources capital, minimize the negative feedback from the consumers of their goods or services and continually improve the quality of service that a company offers. However, despite these efforts, there may be no universal policy that can accurately predict employee turnover. In most cases, it is affected by the individual characteristics, nature and environment unique to a particular field of work and the labor environment it is subject to. Nonetheless, these researches have served as a basis for designing developing programs that can aid any human resources group to come up with a suitable plan to fit their diverse objectives and eventually execute a pioneering human resources program that benefits workers without endangering incomes (Etchings, 2005). This paper aims to consolidate the recent results of these studies and, eventually, come up with a general theme that can assess employee retention in work places. One of the major concerns of a company that elicits these kinds of researches on job retention and turnover is the balance in the expenditures incurred while maintaining new and old personnel. The reason being that low employee retention results in increased costs to the company due to the increasing costs of separation pay, job announcements, staff rehiring and employee training and upgrading. Estimated values show that these costs may be in the range $3000 to

The most noticeable fallacy Essay Example for Free

The most noticeable fallacy Essay There are numerous examples of bias, fallacies, and specific rhetorical devices in the speech. First of all, none of electoral speeches can be regarded as unbiased for the ample reason there are implicit political, ethical, and pragmatic considerations influencing the impartiality of any such speech. It is evident that the speaker is biased against Jim W. Gettys and regards this person as the cause of all problems in the state. As concerns logical fallacies, they are abundant. The most noticeable fallacy is Ad Hominem: ‘An Ad Hominem is a general category of fallacies in which a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or argument’ (The Nizkor Project, 2008, ‘Fallacy: Ad Hominem’). In this case, the speaker is attacking Jim W. Gettys’ personality rather than specific proposals or policy. In this particular case, Ad Hominem Abusive, or Personal Attack, is present because the speaker uses abusive remarks instead of evidence. For instance, the speaker makes unsubstantiated claims about Gettys’ extension of powers. Another fallacy committed is the Slippery Slope: ‘The Slippery Slope is a fallacy in which a person asserts that some event must inevitably follow from another without any argument for the inevitability of the event in question’ (The Nizkor Project, 2008, ‘Fallacy: Slippery Slope’). The speaker assumes that he or she will definitely become the Governor simply because opinion polls say so. Appeal to Pity can also be regarded as employed in the rhetoric surrounding the issue of working mean and slum children. Speaking about rhetorical devices, the speech features repetition (‘The working man The working man and the slum child ’), hyperbole, or using exaggeration to achieve greater effect (I will do everything in my power to protect ), and various forms of emotive language. The speaker often employs the so-called ‘rule of three’: ‘The rule of three is based on the technique that people tend to remember three things’ (Presentation Helper, 2008, ‘The Rule of Three’). For example, this rule is used in the promise to protect ‘the underprivileged, the underpaid, and the underfed’ or in the announcement of the intent to arrange for ‘indictment, prosecution, and conviction’ of Gettys. In fact, there are few fully developed arguments presented in the speech and no counterarguments. The speaker makes a constructive case trying to press his or her own agenda through without paying due attention to the position of the opponent and avoiding the real debate. Assessing the overall effectiveness of the speech, it is necessary to admit that it might have a limited appeal to people who rely on emotional rather than rational judgment. The speech uses affirmative language that has potential of influencing certain segments of society on subconscious level. Yet any in-depth analysis of the arguments delivered by the speaker will unveil the unsubstantiated nature of all the claims, coupled with numerous logical fallacies. In order for a speech to be effective, emotional and rational appeal should be both present and well balanced. References Presentation Helper. (2008). ‘The Rule of Three. ’ Retrieved January 21, 2008, from http://www. presentationhelper. co. uk/rule_of_three. htm The Nizkor Project. (2008). ‘Fallacies. ’ Retrieved January 21, 2008, from http://www. nizkor. org/features/fallacies

A Moral Theory Of The Consequentialist Ethic

A Moral Theory Of The Consequentialist Ethic The consequentialist ethic is a moral theory. This theory is based on the idea, that the moral value of an action is based upon consequences. Decisions to act are taken according to the consequences, that favour most either one individual or one group. The main objective is the maximisation of happiness. Therefore, moral ethics is based on the obtaining of good results. The consequentialist ethic is based on two main and different theories. The first one is based upon the obtaining of good consequences and benefits for an individual. This is the Egoism. The second one focuses upon the benefits for the group or society of the individual. This is the Utilitarianism. Jeremy Bentham has defined the human action in this extract: The consequentialist ethic could be a support the Eastern textile industry. Asian textile producers have a strong competitive advantage compared to Western producers. Indeed, the Asian labour is cheap compared to Western labour. It ruined the textile sector in the West. Wages cannot be lowered to match competition from Asia, prices are not lowered, either at the risk of bankruptcy. The ultimate consumers selected Asian textile products, because they are less expensive. This vicious circle destroyed the economy of western textiles. Western producers have two choices to survive. Either specializes in markets not occupied by their Asian competitors (market demanding high quality products). Or relocate their production to East Asia to benefit from cheap labour. Otherwise they are doomed to disappear. This is due to the choice made by the Asian producers, who distribute low wages. This decision is consistent consequentialist. Indeed, the Asian manufacturer that uses the cheap workforce that cares for its own benefit. In taking this decision, it ignores the consequences for competitors and for its employees. It is only based on its profit to come, either the positive consequences of his action for him. He therefore considers this action as good, because it will be profitable. This is a good example of egoism. This situation the Asian producer is the individual. His decision to pay its workforce more weakly than its competitors is its action. The search for maximum profit, symbolizes the positive consequence of his action. The egoism in this case, is characterized by the fact that this situation benefits only for him. It is also an example of utilitarianism. The search for personal gain is acting in the interest of the group. This contributes to the effect of Invisible Hand enunciated by Adam Smith. In doing so, the producer increases his personal benefit, but also that of his family (Wage increase), firm (Increase turnover), and his country (GDP growth). Its action based on the positive benefits for the group. Furthermore, consequentialist ethics, applies a slightly different way to Asian workers. Their ways of doing things is closer to the universal egoism. That is to say that the choices they are still dependent on their consequences. But it maximizes the happiness of the group, not more than one. Wages earned by workers, can feed families, permit children to go to school and raising living standards. Universal egoism permits the association of egoist if they have a common goal or interest. In summary, Asian producers may be used the consequentialist ethic, taking decisions based on analysis of the consequences. If the action can be beneficial enterprise for him including his profit-maximizing, then it must execute. Producers need to assess the consequences of each decision before applying. Only decisions leading to positive consequences should be retained. Producers should not take into account the negative impact on their foreign competitors. The consequentialist ethic can also concern the Western Consumers. At the individual level the Western consumer will search the product with the best value. The consumer is faced with two choices possible when it wants to buy textiles. Either buys the cheap Asian product often of poor quality-. Either buys a Western product, a greater range -ensuring the quality in general-. To choose its product, the buyer can act by egoism or utilitarianism. That is to say that he will rely on consequentialist ethics, analyzing the consequences of his act before acting. If the consumer decides to support the western producers face, it will consume Western. The future customer will therefore seek to consume local or national and avoid products imported from Asia. From an Individual Egoism point of view, the consumer will move towards the cheapest product. The consequence of this act is the acquisition of a product at the lowest price offered on the market. The consumer only thinks the consequences of his act that directly affect them. It will therefore have difficulty in using Western. From an Universal Egoism point of view, the consumer will evaluate the impact of purchase for the group. That is to say to his country. It will consume Western because it is what produces the most positive consequences for their group. Eating local helps stimulate the economy of his country. This could lead to rising employment, wages, for example, which ultimately produces an overall growth for the country. Utilitarianism theory based on the acts, leads consumers to ask themselves the following question: The act of buying the Western product, in this context, there positive consequences? (From Wikipedia) The future customer will evaluate the context before acting. The context here is the loss of competitiveness of textile companies faces the West Asian competitors because of higher wage costs. This context has a direct influence on price. In his quest protectionist the consumer will buy Western to support its economy. This theory ignores the positive consequences before carrying out the act. It is based on the decision context. This theory is defined by Harsanyi in the following extract: Utilitarianism theory based on rules, leads consumers to ask themselves the following question: The adoption of the rule must consume Western did have positive consequences? (From Wikipedia) According to this theory, the transition to action should not be based on the consequences of the act but on the monitoring of a pre-established rule. The ruling covers all of the consequences of the adoption of a rule. This theory is explained by Harsanyi as follows: If the rule is followed by all consumers in the market, then it will maximize the positive consequences of these actions. If this rule applies only to a single person or a small number it will not help, nor a positive effect. Consequentialist ethic is based on seeking the maximization of happiness. To do this the agent must evaluate the future consequences of his act, before the realization. If satisfied that the property will be maximized by the consequences of his act so he can achieve. In the example of Asian textile producer and the Western customer, both can adopt a consequentialist philosophy. This may have the effect of the object, then they are two players in a given market, and they therefore have to interact together. The analysis of the consequences of an act prior to its implementation may seem quite realistic in the economic framework. In general the research of an economic agent is to maximize its profit, not its happiness. This is particularly true in the context of a company whose goal is to create wealth. To achieve business operates through rules. This helps avoid the unexpected. The actions follow rules and procedures. They are rarely judged individually. A Chinese textile producer organizes its production to achieve the best returns while having low labour costs. This organization allows it to be more competitive in terms of selling price compared to its Western competitors. But for that it must abandon the qualitative aspect of the product, focusing only on the quantity (economies of scale). But the quality of a product creates happiness. This is reflected in the pride of the worker and the satisfaction of the purchaser with respect to product features (comfort, strength ). Consequentialist ethic which relies on the Chinese producer take a highly competitive market, may also justify the opposite strategy. Thanks to this example, it is easy to see that consequentialism is not an absolute theory. It is also criticized by some authors. In the above excerpt focuses on the proportion of uncertain when an individual makes a decision. This uncertainty is due to the possible lack of information. Indeed, the agent is acting when consequentialist believes that its actions will maximize happiness. Now to be sure, the officer must be informed of the situation surrounding before acting. That is not always possible. The agent will then make a decision based on his morality, but also information that may no longer be valid. The other limitation of consequentialism highlighted by Ruegger (University of Fribourg) is the emotional bond that can exist between the actor and another individual involved in the action. The author explains that a relationship, or friendship, necessarily guide the choice of the agent. This factor will be stronger than the will to follow consequentialist ethics. In the case of Western consumer, this argument can easily be proved. Indeed, if the consumer chose the product with Western may be influenced by the fact that work-or a parent-for the Western firm that sells the product. He will choose the product it is indirectly linked to the detriment of the Asian product. These arguments can question the merits of consequentialist ethics. The consequentialism is a theory that seeks to promote the best actions. But the notion of morally good action seems random. It varies depending on the position of the individual faced with a situation. What are the influences experienced by the individual which are implicated here. More precisely: the lack of information, which may influence the decision of the agent (Hare, 1976). The existence of a link between the agent and another actor in a situation will influence the final decision (according to Ruegger). In the case of the Asian producer and consumer Western consequentialism also has its limits. The ultimate consumer may judge that would allow him to eat Asian savings and thereby increase its profit. For the Asian manufacturer, it could decide to increase the salaries of its workers to increase their happiness. Consequentialism can be interpreted as a philosophy, but not as an ethic. In A Theory of Justice, Rawls challenges utilitarianism. It highlights the fact that the actor is the sole judge of its actions according to this theory. But the individual judgments cannot be regarded as necessarily just. The ethics of virtue is based study knew the character of the individual. This ethic is composed of virtues that is to say, of character traits. For Aristotle, the four cardinal virtues are courage, modesty, Generosity, and spirit of justice. Today its list of virtues is longer. The actions of individuals are considered good when they are consistent with these principles. In addition to considering the character of the actor must take into account the circumstances of the action. For example, an honest person is defined as follows: For Aristotle, the virtuous man is he who chose the voice of moderation. Asian Textile producer must follow this path to adopt the ethics of virtue. It must change its behaviour. Here are some examples of virtuous behaviour. Higher wages and improved working conditions. That is to say be fairer. Increase the quality of products on the market. To do this we must invest in machinery, but also in training workers. That is to say, to show courage by taking a different route from Asian competitors. The Asian manufacturer must rethink the way they act to adopt the ethics of virtue. By adopting this ethic, it may present on the market products that meet the expectations of Western consumers: the best quality products. And also improve its image. Some producers still use child labour. It hurts their image. By adopting the ethics of virtue, this situation could change. The product quality can be improved. This can be guaranteed by winning international awards such as ISO Standards. The quality of the work environment and the training of workers can also be improved. The use of virtue ethics should lead to the adoption of virtuous behavior. This may allow the Asian producers, to respond differently to Western consumers. This requires a change of image. Improving the image can give confidence to consumers and thereby attract and retain them. Campodonico show in the excerpt below, the place of ethics of virtue today: In this excerpt, the author argues that the adoption of the virtues described by Aristotle is still possible today. An Asian textile producer can adopt the ethics of virtue. The author focuses on the rapidly changing environment. But he thinks that ethics defined by Aristotle can cope with this kind of context. However, it should be noted that the ethics of virtue is not always applicable in todays business environment. Indeed modern management organizations are often based on different values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹of ethics. The main example is the corporate management. It is the management of the company by shareholders. This form is becoming increasingly important in modern economies. In this type of management decisions are often made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹in relation to their potential profitability. On the other hand, decisions are often made by groups (board of directors, lobbyists ). The decision to act based on the judgments of several individuals. This makes it difficult to apply under behavior, as all individuals within a group dont necessarily virtues. The final decision may be devoid of ethical virtue. Given this context of virtue ethics seems to be a good idea, but impractical. He should remember that virtue ethics is another way for the Asian manufacturer to behave on the market. She has differences with consequentialism. The main principle of this ethic is the study of the character of the actor, rather than the consequences of his actions. The goal is similar, is act morally right and good. The principles of virtue, whose bases were designed by Aristotle, remain valid even today. But there are serious doubts on the possibility of applied in modern company.

Digging Essay -- Literary Analysis, Seamus Heaney

"Digging" â€Å"Digging† by Seamus Heaney is the first poem in the first full volume of Heaney’s poems, â€Å"Death of a Naturalist†. â€Å"Death of a Naturalist† is about the transition into adulthood and the loss of innocence. The poem shows how Heaney looked up to his father and grandfather, especially their hard work. Even though Heaney did not follow in their footsteps and become a farm laborer, he respects the work they do, especially their skill at digging. The poem is a free verse poem. It has eight stanzas with two couplets. It rhymes occasionally, but it does not have a patterned rhyme. The first two lines rhyme with â€Å"thumb† and â€Å"gun†, the second stanza also has some rhyming words. The poem is a first person narrative; this is evident from the first line that uses the word â€Å"my† and other lines throughout that use words such as â€Å"I† and â€Å"we†. The title relates to the poem because all three generations mentioned are digging. His father dug potato drills and flowerbeds, his grandpa used to dig peat, and he is digging up the past. Because of this, the title is very fitting. Throughout the poem Seamus Heaney uses shifts in the tense to convey his memories as well as his determination for the future. It starts off in present tense as he sees his father struggling with the flowerbed. The poem then shifts to past in order to recall his grandfather’s work digging peat and his father’s stronger days digging potato drills. The poem returns to present tense during the last two stanzas. The final line is future tense in order to show that Seamus understands that his work is writing. The first stanza of the poem says the pen in his hand fits â€Å"snug as a gun† (line 2. The second stanza is Heaney looking down from is window to s... ...† as they fill the bucket. Another shift occurs in the second stanza when the speaker says they â€Å"hoarded the fresh berries in the byre† (line 17). â€Å"Byre† means a shed, but it can also be a support for a casket or corpse. This foreshadows what is to come. The berries begin to spoil because more were picked than could be eaten in time. The â€Å"rat-grey fungus, glutting on our cache† (line 19) got to them. The berries would have lasted longer if they had been left on the bush, but desire and greed overwhelmed the speaker when picking the luscious berries. Because he lost the berries due to rotting, the speaker says, â€Å"I always felt like crying. It wasn’t fair / That all the lovely canfuls smelt of rot. / Each year I hoped they’d keep, knew they would not† (lines 22-24). The speaker collects berries every year, more berries than needed, and he always sees them go bad.

Marketing assignment Essay

1.1 Ryanair are pioneers of low cost airlines in Europe operating more than 1600 daily flights from 57 bases across 1600 low far routes connecting 180 destinations in 29 countries. They recently announced that they have ordered 175 new Boeing craft. 1.2 In order for Ryanair to keep the costs to a minimum, their airline uses small, regional airports only to reduce operational costs and operates as a point-t-point airline carrier, thus when other airlines avoiding the cost associated with a hub-and-spoke service. 1.3 Ryanair advertises it’s self as a â€Å"The low fare airline† and has a price promise under which it will pay double the difference if a customer finds the same flight cheaper elsewhere. 1.4 They pay as little as possible for their aircraft. They get big discounts on aircraft because they buy them when other airlines want them. 1.5 They spend as little as possible on advertising. They do not employ advertising agencies; instead all of their advertising is done in-house. 1.6 They don’t use travel agencies, so they don’t pay commissions. Ryanair uses direct marketing to recruit and retain customers and to extend products and services to them and this reduce cost. You book online or on the internet. This saves 15% on agency fees. Question 2 Kulula and Mango are South Africa’s low cost airlines. These airlines have in some areas imitated the Ryanair business model. 2.1 Kulula uses Lanseria Airport as an alternative to OR Tambo airport which can be attributed to reduction operational costs. Ryanair makes use of smaller airports instead of the large busy airports to reduce costs and reduce the time between flights. 2.2 The low cost airlines in South Africa, such as Kulula and Mango also upsell products such as car hires, travel packs and hotel accommodation. This is similar to the business model of Ryanair. 2.3 The low cost airlines in South Africa also reduce their costs by not including food on the fare; you can buy your food if you want. 2.4 To make bookings simpler the customers of Kulula and Mango can also book and buy flight tickets at Shoprite/Checkers for there’s is no commission paid to travel agencies. The internet online process also exists for self-service of making bookings. Question 3 The marketing environment consists of Micro and Macro environment. According to Kotler and Armstrong (2012;90) Micro environment consists of the actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers such as the company its self, its suppliers, its marketing partners, customers and the general public. The macro environment is said to consist of the larger societal forces that affect the macro environment such as political, economic, social, technological, natural environment, and legal framework (Kotler & Armstrong, 2012) 3.1 The Micro environment 3.1.1 Company Ryanair’s mission is to keep their customers happy by offering a simple service and that involves maintaining low-cost fares, such as offering no meal options or extended service elements such as beverage consumption, thus keeping labour-related costs low and inviting the more humble or thrifty consumer to enjoy travel to regional destinations without the worry of excessive airline expense. 3.1.2 Suppliers Suppliers are very important to the company and they are the determining factor for Ryanair to keep customer value. In a running an airline Ryanair require a lot of fuel but they are unable to influence their suppliers since the price of fuel is controlled by external bodies such as OPEC(Ryanair Annual Report, 2004). 3.1.3 Competitors The increasing number of competition with carriers offering lower-cost fares is impacting the consumer mentality regarding which carrier to choose when travelling within European destinations. 3.1.4 Marketing Partners Ryanair does not use advertising agencies instead all their advertising is done in-house by doing so they are cutting cost and making sure that they maintain low cost strategy. They simple use adverts that tell passengers that Ryanair has low fares. 3.2 Macro environment 3.2.1 Political The external political environment is one of significant advantage to Ryanair, as the majority of its operations are contained within Europe. It is relatively common knowledge that this region maintains political stability, thus Ryanair does not experience issues with governmental instability in Europe as a concern regarding passenger volumes or flight destinations. 3.2.2 Technological The technological environment does not appear to significantly impact the firm in a negative capacity as the firm. Additionally, supply chain software programs and other integrated software applications are available to assist Ryanair in streamlining labour functions and improve internal organisational efficiency. 3.2.3 Economical Economical factors in the Euro region such as the Greece debt issues, increased unemployment in Spain and other countries have a negative impact in the number of customers for air travel like Ryanair. Question 4 Low cost airline offer a no-frill service, they sell the cheapest tickets you can buy. Unlike branded airlines that argue that passengers are willing to more for a better level of service. These are the reason I would not use low cost airlines such as Ryanair. 4.1 Customer Service Ryanair offers poor customer service such as when your bag is broken into no compensation is provided. It is also reported that their staff is unfriendly and rude. Ryanair also do not make provisions for fragile items that you wish to carry on the aircraft with you. Musical instruments and sporting equipment can be taken but at a fee. 4.2 Value added services There is no complementary food and what is offered is expensive and unhealthy. 4.3 Misleading pricing The policy of 70% sets sold at lowest fares and 30% at higher fares can be misleading. This means that you may not always be paying the lowest price for the fares. 4.4 Convenience Ryanair does not offer convenience as you cannot chose seat. You also cannot change flights. Their plains are old and offer low comfort. They use secondary airports which tend to be smaller regional airports. Question 5 Ryanair’s objective is to firmly establish itself as Europe’s leading low-fares scheduled passenger airline through continued improvements and expanded offerings of its low-fares service. Ryanair aims to offer low fares that generate increased passenger traffic while maintaining a continuous focus on cost-containment and operating efficiencies 5.2 Understanding customer needs and wants 5.2 Design a customer driven marketing strategy 5.3 Construct an integrated marketing program that delivers superior value 5.4 Build profitable relationships and create customer delight Question 6 6.1 Product or Service Low cost, no frills air travel to Europian destinations. There is no free food or drink on-board. Food and drink are income streams. You buy on-board, or you do take your own food and drink if you like. 6.2 Price Ryanair has low fares. 70% of seats are sold at the lowest two fares. 24% of seats are charged at higher fares. The last 6% are sold at the highest fare. 6.3 Place Ryanair does not use travel agents so it does not pay agency commissions. It uses direct marketing techniques to recruit and retain customers, and to extend products and services to them (i.e. Customer Relationship Management). This reduces costs. You book online over the Internet. This saves them 15% on agency fees. They are based in Stansted in Essex – which is known as a secondary airport. It is new and accessible. It is cheaper to fly from Stansted than either Heathrow or Gatwick, and since it is less busy Ryanair can turn aircraft around more quickly. 6.4 Promotion They spend as little as possible on advertising They do not employ an advertising agency. Instead all of the advertising is done in-house. In fact O’Leary himself oversees much of the promotion of Ryanair. They use simple adverts that tell passengers that Ryanair has low fares. Ryanair employs controversy to promote its business. For example in 2009, the company reasoned that passengers would be charged  £1 to use the toilets on board. O’Leary reasoned that passengers could use the terminals at either the destination or arrival airport. This would speed things up. It was reasoned that this is what passengers wanted – since they did not want other passengers leaving their seats and walking the aisles to go to the toilet. O’Leary also argued that larger passengers should be charged more since they took up more room – again it was reasoned that this is what the majority of passengers wanted. 6.5 People Pilots are recruited when they are young as pilot cadets. They work hard and take early promotions and then move on after 10-years or so to further their careers. Cabin crew pay for their uniforms to be cleaned. They invest in their own training. They are mainly responsible for passenger safety as well as ancillary revenues onboard 6.6 Physical Evidence They pay as little as possible for their aircraft. Planes are the most expensive asset that an airline can make. They get big discounts on aircraft because they buy them when other airlines don’t want them, for example after September 11th, or on the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan. Aircraft manufacturers cannot simply stop a supply chain in minutes. If orders are being cancelled or delayed, this is when to buy. It was rumored within the industry that Ryanair was buying Boeing 737s – list price around  £40,000,000 (forty million pounds) – with up to a 50% discount. 6.7 Process There is no check in. You simply show your passport and supply your reference number. You cannot select a preferred seat. It is first come, first served. This aids speed. There are no air bridges (the tunnel that connects to the side of the aircraft when to board it). You walk or are bused to the aircraft. Baggage is deposited directly onto the terminal – it’s quick. However if your bag is broken don’t expect high levels of customer service. Question 7 7.1 Cultural factors Ryanair has addressed a global cultural need for leisure travel by making their prices extremely low and the easy availability of tickets operating between two points. One of the factors that influence consumer behavior is social class such as people’s income. Ryanair get most of their business from lower income group. 7.2. Social factors One the factors that influence consumer factors is the social factors such as consumers small groups family and social roles. According to the case study Ryanair make use of buzz marketing by their controversial promotions. This influences people opinions about their services as it gets people to discuss the controversial promotions. 7.3 Personal factors Personal factors are influenced by personal characteristics such as customer’s age and life cycle stage, occupation, economic situation, life style and personality and self-concept. The people that would be influenced into buying Ryanair’s would need to have an easy going personality and not be concerned much about the service of the airline since many of the luxuries are removed from the service. 7.4 Psychological factors A person’s buying choices are further influence by four psychological factors motivation, perception, learning and beliefs and attitudes. Customers that would be influences to use Ryanair are customers that believe that are getting value for money through the low cost pricing. Question 8 Consumer market consists of individuals and households that buy goods and services for their personal consumption. These would normally be consumer goods such as soft drinks, cosmetics, travel and household goods. Ryanair’s consumer market is the individuals in the European region that use air travel as a form of transportation. Question 9 Below is an example of Ansoff’s Matrix which shows growth strategies that organisations can use to expand their operation followed by the explanations for each growth strategy (Riley, 2012). Figure 1 Ansoff’s matrix. Sourced from Riley (2012) 9.1 Market penetration Market penetration is when the company expands in the same market using the same products. For Ryanair, market penetration would involve increasing the number of flights in the same routes. This way they are in the same markets and using the same service. 9.2 Market Development Market development requires the companies to enter new markets while using the same products. For Ryanair, this would require the company to go to new markets such as Africa, Asia or America using the same low cost air travel service. 9.3. Product Development Product development means that in order to expand the company must introduce new products or services in the existing market. For company like Ryanair, product development would mean that they introduce new service such as business class or first class into the existing market. 9.4 Diversification Diversification is when the company seeks to enter into new markets with new products. For Ryanair diversification could mean that the company introduces new services such as leisure sea cruising. This would also mean that the company moves into a new market since leisure sea cruising would require different destinations and customer base. References Riley, J. 2012. Ansoff Matrix. [online]. Available at: http://www.tutor2u.net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htm [Accessed on 02 September 2013]. Kotler, P. and Armstong, G. 2012. Principles of marketing. 14th edition. Essex: Pearson.

Ideal Healt and Insurence System essays

Ideal Healt and Insurence System essays The development of liberal thought began in the seventeen-century England. Often, constitutional monarchy is perceived as a beginning of liberalism. Growth of commercial middle classes and wealth accumulation and consumption, leaded to a new, individualistic morality. The individual is a basic unit of the liberalism ideology. Supreme goals of a liberal political system are preservation of the individual and attainment of individual happiness. That includes the preservation of the individual properties, that is individual life, liberty and estate, and the task of the government was to help the individual in doing so. Individual is to be regarded as inviolable and human life as a sacrosanct, so the violence is prohibited except in preservation of liberal society. This ideology respects all persons as moral beings with equal sensitivity (but at the same time it doesnt take women in account.). Individual is assumed to be essentially rational, so it could be considered the prime source of value, which determines justification of participatory rather than authoritarian government. Liberalism diminishes importance of social whole, which is considered not to have any rights against individuals. This outlook can be called atomistic. Liberal theorists are unwilling to invoke concepts such as the common good and public interests. The only common good they want recognize is the maximization of the aggregate of individual benefits. On the economic side 18th- and 19th-century liberalism based itself on the sovereignty of the market and the "natural harmony of interests." On this view, if individuals are left free to pursue their self-interest in an exchange economy based upon a division of labour, the welfare of the group as a whole will necessarily be enhanced. Classical liberal economists describe a self-adjusting market mechanism free from all teleological influences. While moral goals are invoked and ethical criteria presu...

Every IB History Past Paper Available Free and Official

Every IB History Past Paper Available Free and Official SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Taking a practice IB History exam before the actual exam will help you familiarize yourself with the length, style and format of the test. In this guide, we explain the IB History test format and link to the best past papers available. At the end, I’ll explain how best to use these IB History past papers for your studying. Disclaimer: these free exams should be used at your own risk. The exams are not authorized by the IBO and were most likely put up online without the IBO’s consent. IB History Exam Format The IB History course was completely revamped in 2017. Now, there are five prescribed subjects: Military leaders Conquest and its impact The move to global war Rights and protest Conflict and intervention Your teacher will choose one that you'll cover, and you'll be tested on this for paper 1 (one hour in length). There is also a list of twelve world history topics. For paper 2 (1.5 hours), you'll cover two of these: Society and economy (750-1400) Causes and effects of medieval wars (750-1500) Dynasties and rulers (750-1500) Societies in transition (1400-1700) Early Modern states (1450-1789) Causes and effects of Early Modern wars (1500-1750) Origins, development and impact of industrialization (1750-2005) Independence movements (1800-2000) Evolution and development of democratic states (1848-2000) Authoritarian states (20th century) Causes and effects of 20th-century wars The Cold War: superpower tensions and rivalries (20th century) For students taking IB History HL, they'll have a final paper (paper 3) that is 2.5 hours and will cover one of the four Depth Studies: History of Africa and the Middle East History of the Americas History of Asia and Oceania History of Europe Current IB History Papers The best source for up-to-date IB History past papers is the IBO store. Each paper and each markscheme is $3, so a full test's worth will cost you $12 for SL or $18 for HL. (While the IBO site has a sample SL/HL paper 2 available for free, it's from November 2005, predating the most recent syllabus updates.) Currently, the IB store has papers from 20 through 2018, but we recommend only purchasing papers from May 2017 tests or later, as those are the exams that match the new syllabus. Be sure to check not just the test date but also the depth-study area for each exam paper and markscheme you purchase to make sure they match up- you wouldn't want to purchase a History of Asia and Oceania exam paper but a History of Europe markscheme! Additionally, we've found these IB History past papers available for you to study from. They are from 2017 and follow the same format as current IB History exams, so you can be sure they'll be close to what you actually see for your own paper. Because they're not on the official IB site, however, we urge you to use these with caution. Paper 1 prompts and grading Paper 2 prompts Alan O'Rourke / Flickr Old IB History Papers These papers are before the IB History course was revamped in 2017, so the topics the papers cover won't be exactly what you see for your course. However, these can still be a useful way to get a better sense of the kinds of papers you'll see for IB History and the types of information you'll be expected to know. 2003 Paper 1Paper 1 Source BookletPaper 2Paper 3 2004 Paper 1Paper 1 Source BookletPaper 2Paper 3 2005 Paper 1Paper 1 Source BookletPaper 2Paper 3 2006 Paper 1Paper 1 Source BookletPaper 2Paper 3 Paper 3 Topics Chart of paper 3 topics from 2000 through 2012 How to Use IB History Past Papers Each full IB History practice exam will take you 2.5 hours for SL or 5 hours for HL, so you need to get the most out of each test. Below are some pointers for your practice. Tip 1: Take Papers 1 and 2 Consecutively (If Possible) For both IB History SL and HL, papers 1 and 2 are administered one after the other, requiring you to maintain your concentration and testing stamina for 2.5 hours. Part of practicing for the test means building up your testing endurance so that you're not making careless errors or losing focus towards the end of the tests. IB History HL includes a third, 2.5-hour paper administered on a second day of testing, which you should also try to match in your practice schedule. Having a test spread out over multiple days means that you can't just cram and then immediately forget everything after you've finished papers 1 and 2; you'll need to practice retaining information even after the 2.5-hour slog of the first day's papers 1 and 2. If you don't have time in your schedule for a full 2.5-hour session (or for two 2.5-hour sessions two days in a row for HL), then splitting papers 1 and 2 up over multiple days is OK. Just make sure that in your studying you follow this next tip: Tip 2: Time Yourself on Each Paper You must get used to the timing pressures of this exam. The time allowed per paper is: IB History SL Paper 1- 1 hour Paper 2- 1 hour 30 minutes IB History HL Paper 1- 1 hour Paper 2- 1 hour 30 minutes Paper 3- 2 hour 30 minutes Don't give yourself extra time. If you do, you will not figure out your pacing for the real exam and will likely score higher than you actually will the day of the test. I want these practice exams to give you an accurate picture of your actual test score. Stephan Baum/Wikimedia Tip 3: Review Your Mistakes! When you complete your exam (end of Paper 2 for SL or end of Paper 3 for HL), check every mistake. If you skip this step, you will not learn from your errors, and you'll keep making them. You need to take at least an hour reviewing your exam. I know this may seem like a lot of time, but you want quality practice. If you only end up taking two practice tests with detailed review, you will be better prepared than if you took six tests with no review. What’s Next? Taking IB History right now? Round out your studying with our complete IB History notes and study guide. Ready to jump into some US History topics? Learn about the Platt Amendment and Ida Lewis. If you're more interested in political history, be sure to also check out our articles on checks and balances in the US government and how the executive branch can check the judicial branch. Or perhaps you're interested in learning something that might not come up in history class? Find out more about David Ghantt and the Loomis Fargo heist, the complete history of hip hop, and the competing claims for invention of the 3-hole punch. Learn more about the IB course offerings: The Complete List of IB Courses and Classes Which IB Courses Can I Take Online? Can I Get an Online IB Diploma? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Advancements essays

Advancements essays Some of the advancements made in technology during the 1790s started off when the industry could not be stimulated overnight, because it required technology and the willingness of businessmen to invest time and capital for the long term. In 1788, the Pennsylvania Society for the encouragement of Manufactures and the useful arts introduced spinning jennies to their textile factory in Philadelphia. The jennies threatened to displace home spinners by producing cheaper yarn and thread. Another brand new technology that appeared was in 1790, Samuel Slater brought a new phase in American cloth production by building a textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, using water power to run the sinning machines. No satisfactory power loom existed, so Slaters mill performed only the first two steps of cloth production (preparing the cloth fibers for spinning, and spinning the thread.) He then used the putting-out system of distributing the thread to families, who produced the cloth at home. One more person who made an impact on the advancement of technology in the 1790s was Oliver Evans. He apprenticed as a wagon maker and became intrigued with machines. Evans heard that the Scottish inventor James Watt improved the steam engine a few years earlier. Evans began building his own model but for lack of money, thirty years passed before he actually installed a high pressure steam engine in his gypsum fertilizer factory in Philadelphia. This was the first such application of steam power to an industrial setting. Evans also developed the idea of automating mills. He devised water powered machinery for large grist mills that allowed one worker instead of three to supervise all the steps of producing flour. ...

The Effectiveness and Use of Sustainable Tourism in the World Dissertation

The Effectiveness and Use of Sustainable Tourism in the World - Dissertation Example Sustainable tourism is a form of tourism that has grown from concern for the damage that traditional methods are causing to the environment. The concept was originally developed from sustainable development (Hunter, 1997).  Sustainable development is a contested field which has a wide range of definitions depending on the people that are advancing it. For example, a multinational corporation has a significantly different view of sustainable development than a group of environmental activists. One classic definition is growth that meets the requirements of the present generation without compromising the needs of the future generations (Giddings et al., 2002 ). Sustainable tourism develops on this concept, with the aim of modifying current tourism and any new tourism so that it does not have a negative effect on the environment or any negative effect that it does have is significantly reduced (Bramwell and Lane, 1993).  Degrading the environment that plays host to the tourism event ually results in the decrease of the activity itself and as a consequence the associated profits. For tourism to continue in an area, it is important that the environment remains able to support the activities that are occurring (Butler, 2004). Sustainable tourism is a form of tourism that has grown from concern for the damage that traditional methods are causing to the environment. The concept was originally developed from sustainable development (Hunter, 1997). Sustainable development is a contested field which has a wide range of definitions depending on the people that are advancing it. For example, a multinational corporation has a significantly different view of sustainable development than a group of environmental activists. One classic definition is growth that meets the requirements of the present generation without compromising the needs of the future generations (Giddings et al., 2002). Sustainable tourism develops on this concept, with the aim of modifying current touris m and any new tourism so that it does not have a negative effect on the environment or any negative effect that it does have is significantly reduced (Bramwell and Lane, 1993). There is no unified definition of sustainable tourism, and some applications take into account purely ecological factors, will others also include economic, cultural or social factors. Sustainable tourism is important in both planning and management of areas where tourism is prevalent, especially where the environment plays a large role (Eagles et al., 2002). The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), a specialized agency that is part of the United Nations has undertaken significant

Write about 4 art works that you choose (4 of them should be about Essay

Write about 4 art works that you choose (4 of them should be about family) - Essay Example Each of their work explored the concept of family visually including the underlying themes that they are set against. In the legend on the catalogue where this painting, Oedipus and Antigone, was listed, Charles Thevenin wrote: â€Å"The fugitive proscribed by his son wanders during a violent storm in an arid and savage countryside†¦ His daughter makes a an effort to calm him.† This 18th century work in sepia was a study for a painting that was exhibited at the Salon in 1792. There are several variations to this Sophocles drama. In some paintings, Oedipus is depicted as one on the verge of madness, in some, he was so pathetic and miserable. But, always, there is the dutiful and protective figure, shielding the weakened form from the harshness of the elements. A look at the faces of the subjects and our knowledge of the history of the tableaux, enable us to see a dimension in family relationship that is characterized by gender conflict and the roles gender play in addressing the dilemma. Oedipus is being guided by her daughter after having been exiled by his son. Thevenin highlighted an important insight: as the father and son engaged in mortal conflict, the daughter remained loyal and duty-bound. The situation saw an undermined paternal authority, which rendered the family unit vulnerable. But most importantly, one sees that the intervention of the female figure to calm the dispute between the two males in the family represented the roles that women generally play in mitigating conflicts within the family. Art explored another treatment for the female form here. In other instance, women are the objects of the struggle between men. In this painting, the other pole is depicted. Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (Rauschenberg Family) is one of Andy Warhol’s collaboration with fellow Pop artist, Robert Rauschenberg. The art work is a combination of images of the Rauschenberg family and was

Leading and motvating the team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leading and motvating the team - Essay Example One of the key aspects of a strategy is that it aims at achieving advantages within the changing environment with an aim of fulfilling the expectations of the shareholders. In Peytons General Supplies, our vision is to â€Å"be the leader in provision of maximum security in working places†. While our vision is â€Å"improving safety in the work place in order to make our economy grow by providing quality safety equipments†. In order for a team to be productive, it is vital for leaders to advocate for spirit of cooperation which entails a united team that works together towards achieving its goals. Three major aspects that indicate a harmonious and a team in good relationship are a sense of shared purpose, a belief in shared objectives and being committed to a group (Baumeister and Vohs, 2004). One of the major implications of a common sense of purpose in a group is that it enables the team members to be united. Additionally, it enables the members of the team to have a knowhow on the operations of their teams including the effects of their own contributions to the team. Through the unity that is brought about by a common purpose, the team members in Peytons General Supplies work towards attaining the mission and the vision of the organization. Failure to having a common purpose would lead to each employee working towards his or her own goal. Role of communication in establishing a common sense of purpose Within an organization, clear communication between the leaders and other members of the team is a major aspect that cannot be overlooked. Good leaders must be good communicators. One of the major merits of communication is that it leads to the development of a well-committed workforce that is aware of the goals and values of its organisation. A key aspect that characterizes a communication system is the source. As a team leader, one should be clear about what he or she is communicating and what they want to communicate. The second aspect that sho uld be adopted during communication is encoding. This means that in order to have a good communication, it is imperative to ensure that the information being transferred is in the correct form and the receivers are able to decode it and understand it in an easy way. Similarly, leaders who are focused at creating a sense of purpose among their followers should adopt effective channels of communication. Some of the notable channels that organizations use include face-to-face meetings, emails, memos, telephone and videoconferencing among others. Decoding is equally important to encoding. Decoding entails properly reading of the messages sent by the sender. Thus it is imperative for the receivers to have good communication skills in order to avoid making an error while decoding the message. It is also crucial for leaders to consider the receiver of their messages. During the communication process, each individual reacts in a different way that affects his or her understanding of the mes sages from the leaders. Thus, a good leader must consider the reactions or actions of his team members and act in an appropriate manner. Effectiveness of my communication skills On the basis of initiating a good communication in a team work, I am able to oversee a communication system that is all inclusive. First, I usually plan my communication. This entails understanding the objectives of my communication, understanding my audience and providing an opportunity through which

1967 war is it a defeat or a victory to the Arabs Essay

1967 war is it a defeat or a victory to the Arabs - Essay Example After the second war between the Arab and Israel in 1956, the Egyptian forces agreed to maintain peace with the positioning of the UN peacemakers in the borders of Egypt and Israel. This positioning of the peacemakers were due to the efforts of the US and Soviet Union in the war of 1956 between Egypt and Israel, UK and France. In the next decades, there were several minor conflicts between Israel and the Arabs, particularly with the Syrians (Hammel, 2001). In 1966, Soviet Union reminded Syria for not violating the agreement of peace between the Arab states and the Israel. Soon after that amidst environment of tension, the Palestine Liberation Organization launched a mine attack in Syria that killed three Syrian soldiers. This created a series of retaliatory activities between Israel and the Arabs, mainly Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Egypt. The King of Jordan noticed that Egypt did not come forward to the aid of Jordan against Israel which forced him to sign a defence treaty with Egyptia n president in order to stop the military invasions of Israel. The cause of the war of 1967 was also due to dispute of sharing of water from the Jordan River. Israel diversified the flow of water from the Jordan River into its west banks for agriculture and irrigation (Sadeh, 1997). Syria tapped the flow of stream and diverted it into the regions of Syria, Jordan and Egypt due to which Israel faced shortage of water. The tensions over the conflict with water sharing also led to the war of 1967. Role of Arab states in the war of 1967 Prior to the war of 1967, the Israeli borders faced ample terrorist attacks from the Arabs. These terrorist attacks were Palestinian attacks on Israel. Israel figured out that Syria has been sponsoring these terrorist attacks on their land. The Israeli forces warned Syria to stop sponsoring the terrorist attacks for honouring their peace treaty. When the terrorist attacks of the Arabs on the Israeli borders continued, Israel carried out planned military operations on the villages of the West Bank of Jordan and Syria. Israel also started to deploy armies in a pre-planned manner in the demilitarized zones in the borders of Israel and the Arab states (Louis and  Shlaim, 2012). When the Arabs states found that Israel has been aggressive and has been launching military attacks to destroy their nations and villages, they started to unite and sign defence pacts. The Egyptian president started to gather his troops in the Straits of Tiran in order to block the access of Israel to this waterway. The Syrian army started to collect troops in the Golan height. The Egyptian president ordered his army to block the Israelis in the Gaza strip and the Sinai Peninsula (Dunstan, 2012). The Jordanian troops also joined hands with Egypt and Syria in the war against Israel. The Straits of Tiran was regarded as the international waterway by Israel and other international communities. According to the previous treaty signed between the Israel and the Ara b states, blocking the Straits of Tiran would mean declaration of war. In order to overhaul the resistance and opposition of the Arab states in the Straits of Tiran, the Israeli government decided to go for war and break the barriers created by the Arab army forces. This led to the six-day war of 1967 that saw Israel launching a series of carefully planned air strikes on a continuous basis over the Arab military forces that resulted into severe damage and killing of the Arab troops and soldiers (Quandt, 2001). Thus the Arab states played the role of creating irrevocable conditions by blocking the access of Israel to the Straits of Tiran, raising military deployments in the Gaza strips and Golan height that stimulated the outbreak of underlying tensions to the

A Synthesis of the Themes in Selected Poems about War Essay

A Synthesis of the Themes in Selected Poems about War - Essay Example These poems argue that wars are honorable because of the courage they involve, but they are still immoral because soldiers and their enemies are treated as mere pawns, dehumanized because of their mission to strike and kill without compunction, and stripped of their rights to autonomy, survival, and a good life with their families. To be a soldier is a noble calling because to live by its principles is an honorable thing. The basic principles of war, based on these poems, are courage, commitment, and selflessness. Lovelace may be referring to Lucasta as a woman whom the soldier loves, or all his loved ones in general. He explains to her the reasons of going to war, despite having the option of staying in the blissful arms of his beloved. The â€Å"Nunnery† means that the place of his beloved is pure and good, but it is not a man’s place (Lovelace 1.2). The â€Å"Arms† of war are more suited to a real man, where war is seen as a testing ground for manhood: â€Å" To War and Arms I flee† (Lovelace 1.4). The speaker agrees that war is another mistress; it takes so much time, attention, and resources: â€Å"True, a new Mistress now I chase† (Lovelace 2.1). ... The â€Å"stronger Faith† signifies that war is a holy quest. The decision to go to the war is an honorable responsibility. It means that honor in war is about protecting one’s country, something that can be done only out of the purest of intentions, the purest of love: â€Å"Yet this inconstancy is such/As you too shall adore† (Lovelace 3.1-2). Soon, Lucasta will realize what he means. He depicts that Lucasta is then fortunate, for in honoring the war, he honors her even more: â€Å"I could not love thee, Dear, so much,/Loved I not Honour more† (Lovelace 3.3-4). The greatest love comes from loving the society as a whole, not just one’s mistress or family, for in protecting their societies, they are protecting their families too. Another poem agrees that being a soldier is an honorable calling because of the courage, dedication, and selflessness it requires. Lord Alfred Tennyson, in â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade,† refers to an actual battle, where the English Light Brigade charged to a suicidal mission in the Crimean War. The tone of the poem honors the soldiers, but the feelings of exhaustion and resentment are present. In the first stanza, Tennyson says: â€Å"Half a league, half a league,/Half a league onward† (1.1-2). He repeats the phrase â€Å"half a league† three times in a row, suggesting tiredness. Soldiers get weary from their missions, but they must never falter, as if they are not supposed to feel tired at all. Tennyson does not mince words, when he introduces the fate of these soldiers: â€Å"All in the valley of Death/Rode the six hundred/ â€Å"Forward, the Light Brigade!/Charge for the guns!† he said (Tennyson 1.3-6). He knows that these soldiers are doomed because they will be charging for the guns. The soldiers

Employee Burnout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Burnout - Essay Example At the end, the writer will render her opinion on the issue discussed. Employee burnout is often associated with workers feeling "lethargic, empty, and no longer able to take satisfaction in their jobs (ASTD)." In order to understand this problem more thoroughly, we will turn to the three common symptoms of employee burnout. Often, the first sign of employee burnout is emotional exhaustion from one's work. This happens when the employee complains of feeling drained up, at the end of the rope, and physical fatigue. Work has become dreadful and everyday in the office has become agonizing. Next, the employee cope with the situation by depersonalizing his/her relationship with his/her colleagues. The worker may resort to creating distance between himself/herself with his boss. The last sign is a feeling of low personal accomplishment where the worker feels that he/she is not contributing to the organization or community (Jackson & Schuler 2). Knowing the general symptoms of employee burnout, we now turn to their various causes. Employee burnout happens within an organization where there are no rewards and control. Emotional exhaustion is largely caused by these factors.

1967 war is it a defeat or a victory to the Arabs Essay

1967 war is it a defeat or a victory to the Arabs - Essay Example After the second war between the Arab and Israel in 1956, the Egyptian forces agreed to maintain peace with the positioning of the UN peacemakers in the borders of Egypt and Israel. This positioning of the peacemakers were due to the efforts of the US and Soviet Union in the war of 1956 between Egypt and Israel, UK and France. In the next decades, there were several minor conflicts between Israel and the Arabs, particularly with the Syrians (Hammel, 2001). In 1966, Soviet Union reminded Syria for not violating the agreement of peace between the Arab states and the Israel. Soon after that amidst environment of tension, the Palestine Liberation Organization launched a mine attack in Syria that killed three Syrian soldiers. This created a series of retaliatory activities between Israel and the Arabs, mainly Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Egypt. The King of Jordan noticed that Egypt did not come forward to the aid of Jordan against Israel which forced him to sign a defence treaty with Egyptia n president in order to stop the military invasions of Israel. The cause of the war of 1967 was also due to dispute of sharing of water from the Jordan River. Israel diversified the flow of water from the Jordan River into its west banks for agriculture and irrigation (Sadeh, 1997). Syria tapped the flow of stream and diverted it into the regions of Syria, Jordan and Egypt due to which Israel faced shortage of water. The tensions over the conflict with water sharing also led to the war of 1967. Role of Arab states in the war of 1967 Prior to the war of 1967, the Israeli borders faced ample terrorist attacks from the Arabs. These terrorist attacks were Palestinian attacks on Israel. Israel figured out that Syria has been sponsoring these terrorist attacks on their land. The Israeli forces warned Syria to stop sponsoring the terrorist attacks for honouring their peace treaty. When the terrorist attacks of the Arabs on the Israeli borders continued, Israel carried out planned military operations on the villages of the West Bank of Jordan and Syria. Israel also started to deploy armies in a pre-planned manner in the demilitarized zones in the borders of Israel and the Arab states (Louis and  Shlaim, 2012). When the Arabs states found that Israel has been aggressive and has been launching military attacks to destroy their nations and villages, they started to unite and sign defence pacts. The Egyptian president started to gather his troops in the Straits of Tiran in order to block the access of Israel to this waterway. The Syrian army started to collect troops in the Golan height. The Egyptian president ordered his army to block the Israelis in the Gaza strip and the Sinai Peninsula (Dunstan, 2012). The Jordanian troops also joined hands with Egypt and Syria in the war against Israel. The Straits of Tiran was regarded as the international waterway by Israel and other international communities. According to the previous treaty signed between the Israel and the Ara b states, blocking the Straits of Tiran would mean declaration of war. In order to overhaul the resistance and opposition of the Arab states in the Straits of Tiran, the Israeli government decided to go for war and break the barriers created by the Arab army forces. This led to the six-day war of 1967 that saw Israel launching a series of carefully planned air strikes on a continuous basis over the Arab military forces that resulted into severe damage and killing of the Arab troops and soldiers (Quandt, 2001). Thus the Arab states played the role of creating irrevocable conditions by blocking the access of Israel to the Straits of Tiran, raising military deployments in the Gaza strips and Golan height that stimulated the outbreak of underlying tensions to the

Employee Burnout Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Burnout - Essay Example At the end, the writer will render her opinion on the issue discussed. Employee burnout is often associated with workers feeling "lethargic, empty, and no longer able to take satisfaction in their jobs (ASTD)." In order to understand this problem more thoroughly, we will turn to the three common symptoms of employee burnout. Often, the first sign of employee burnout is emotional exhaustion from one's work. This happens when the employee complains of feeling drained up, at the end of the rope, and physical fatigue. Work has become dreadful and everyday in the office has become agonizing. Next, the employee cope with the situation by depersonalizing his/her relationship with his/her colleagues. The worker may resort to creating distance between himself/herself with his boss. The last sign is a feeling of low personal accomplishment where the worker feels that he/she is not contributing to the organization or community (Jackson & Schuler 2). Knowing the general symptoms of employee burnout, we now turn to their various causes. Employee burnout happens within an organization where there are no rewards and control. Emotional exhaustion is largely caused by these factors.

Essay Example for Free

Essay The objective of this paper is to compare the major players in the beverage/soft drink industry, Pepsi Co. Coca Cola Co. This paper will give you sound information on which company to invest in as well as taking a deeper look at both companies over all. My analysis will be made based on the company’s income statements, horizontal, vertical analysis, balances sheets and financial statement ratios. This along with other information should give you a clear picture of which company is the best company to invest in. Researching this analysis is needed find the soundest corporation for investment. Out of the myriad of sodas, Coca Cola and PepsiCo. are the most recognized name and the most known rivalry in the soft drink industry. Coca-Cola owns the somewhat disputed title as being the best cola brand worldwide. Some on the other hand know PepsiCo as the rival brand because Coca Cola has had such great marketing and advertising. In 2004, PepsiCo achieved marginally growth rate in net profit and sales, where Coca Cola has maintained profit margin. The PepsiCo. presented lower short-term liquidity risk to investors compared to Coca Cola. Coca Cola and PepsiCo. There was low long-term solvency risk with PepsiCo’s risk being marginally greater than Coca Cola’s. PepsiCo’s overall asset in my opinion was more proficient than Coca Cola. These and other companies help investor confidence and market share with their sales margins. PepsiCo stock is dividend-generating stock, but Coca Co la has had a higher yield and payout. Coca Cola has had a superior profit margin and dividends are lucrative to investors in this industry but PepsiCo’s diversification, low short-term liquidity risk, low long- term solvency risk, make it a proficient asset application for PepsiCo stock look like a better investment. The competition between these two soda giants is strong. Having said that, there is still a point where price is not the issue but taste. Some people swear by the taste in this loyal brand market. These two corporations have concentrated on cultivating brand management through applicable advertising, marketing campaigns. According to Bloomberg BusinessWeek, â€Å"Coca-Cola remains the best globally recognized brand across all industries for ages, while PepsiCo’s brand ranked number 26 in year 2008.† PepsiCo has been able differentiate itself from competitors by tapping into other markets like chips and healthy alternative foods. While PepsiCo is known for their soda, their expansion is clear in showing there is a need for other things being non-soda. The time for vitality comes with diversification because there are true signs of a shift in consumption. The decrease in soda consumption raises PepsiCo. has positioned it to continue to remain profitable for its shareholde rs. The income statement of PepsiCo’s COS to sales percentage slightly rose from 43.31% in year 2004. Coca-Cola’s five-year average COS to sales percentage was only 35.26%, much lower than PepsiCo. Coca Cola was able to achieve a higher gross profit margin with lower COS to sales percentage. PepsiCo is the consequence of its tougher pricing structure. â€Å"PepsiCo arguably has the most diverse set of distribution systems of any consumer product company, including direct store delivery (DSD) at Frito-Lay and our bottling partners, warehouse delivery for Quaker products, and warehouse delivery and chilled DSD at Tropicana. The reach and scale of these systems provide considerable cost efficiency and system effectiveness in driving value. Our systems deliver product freshness and quality for the consumer; generate cash flow for our retail customers, and pro- vide economic value for PepsiCo. Our products respond very well to merchandising, and need to be replenished ofte n because they sell so quickly. By having our DSD associates deliver products and stock the shelves themselves, we save retailers money by doing this labor for them, and help make sure our products are fresh, available and displayed to our advantage.† http://www.pepsico.com/Download/2004-Annual-English.pdf According to the Business Insider, Coca Cola has 42% of the market share while Pepsi Co. has 31%. The annual revenue for two companies is $35.2 billion and $57.8 billion respectively. Coca Cola spending roughly $2 billion on advertising while their rival spend around $1.1 billion. http://www.businessinsider.com/coca-cola-vs-pepsi-timeline-2013-1?op=1 â€Å"PepsiCo is the largest food-and-beverage company in the United States, and the second-largest in the world, after Nestlà ©. If PepsiCo were a country, the size of its economy—sixty billion dollars in revenues in 2010—would put it sixty-sixth in gross national product, between Ecuador and Croatia. Many studies point to the ubiquity of high-calorie, low-cost processed foods and drinks as one of the major drivers of this condition. Snacks, in particular, play a role in childhood obesity, which is growing even faster than obesity in adults. Americans consume about fifty gallons of soda a year, more than four times the a verage per-capita consumption sixty years ago. Americans also ingest about thirty-four hundred milligrams of sodium per day, twice the recommended amount; sodium has long been linked to high blood pressure. almost half of PepsiCo’s business is overseas (thirty per cent of it in developing countries), foreign markets eventually tend to follow U.S. trends. The markets of the future may well be in â€Å"packaged nutrition†Ã¢â‚¬â€in enriched products like PepsiCo’s SoBe Lifewater, which contains vitamins, and in its pricey Naked line of fruit juices and smoothies, which contain antioxidants. Another growing category is â€Å"functional† foods and beverages, like varieties of the sports drink Gatorade, which PepsiCo markets for specific physiological or metabolic attributes. (Thanks to Gatorade’s new â€Å"fit series,† you can drink G1 Prime before you work out, G2 Perform during your workout, and G3 Recover when you’re cooling down.† http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/05/16/110516fa_fact_seabrook?currentPage=2 The above quote taken from the New Yorker shows that diversity in such a highly competitive beverage market, diversity is needed. Coke depends on the consumption of their product. That is still their main source of revenue for the company. It could be said that maybe PepsiCo is too diverse. I would say I see this as an example of ensuring a proper return to the investor and keeping the integrity of the company. PepsiCo displayed advanced long-term affluence risk due to its higher debt to equity ratio of 1.24 and higher long-term debt to equity ratio of 0.68 on average, compared to Coca-Cola’s 0.90 and 0.29. The soda industry is wide and there are always new players but PepsiCo has managed its debt obligations more so than Coca-Cola by the measure of times interest earned ratio. PepsiCo had a better average return on common equity of 33.92% than Coca-Cola’s 30.29%, whereas both companies had similar return on assets with Coca-Cola’s 16.54% average only being slightly better. PepsiCo and Coca Cola are the leaders in the caramel color soda market. There earning regardless of the company you select show the investor that their staying power is evident. References Books Brigham, E, F, Erhhardth, M, C (2005). Financial Management Theory and Practice. Eleventh Edition. South Western Publishers Thomas, A, (2002). Introduction to Financial Accounting. Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill. Websites Kulawik, A (2009), The development of Coca Cola Advertising Campaigns, retrieved on November 29th, 2010 from, http://images.nexto.pl/upload/publisher/All%20Free%20Media/public/the_development_of_coca-cola_advertising_campaigns_(1886-2007)_demo.pdf Andrew (2002), A brief Pepsi History retrieved on November 29th 2010 from, Day, J (2008), Theme: Analyzing Financial Statements, retrieved on 30th November 2010 from Gattis ,C,G.(2009).Using Financial Ratios http://bluepointstrategies.com/uploads/White_Paper_-_Using_Financial_Ratios.pdf [30th November 2010]

Analysis Of Moral Education

Analysis Of Moral Education The word ethics is taken from the Greek word ethos which means custom or usage. Ethics can be defined as a philosophical study of morals; that is of good behaviour moral obligation moral attitude moral responsibility social justice and good living conditions VALUES : Can be defined among other things as price appraisal,ie the price of something compared with the price of another rank quality grade standard and high attributes (in thoughts, religion and society) The terms moral value and ethical value are usually used to convey the sense of good or correct as opposed to immoral and unethical. Morality is a social instrument that guides individuals and groups in their daily lives. It requires individuals and groups to follow it. It helps the people to behave rationally as members of society. NORMATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE STATEMENTS V. Grassian (1981) says that attempts to give coherent or logical, systematic and justifiable answers to moral questions are called normative ethics. This means that moral ethics focuses on normative statements which have implications on human behaviour. Hence, it can be said that a normative statement is a value judgement that is good or bad, wrong or correct, acceptable or unacceptable. The example, Abortion is an immoral act is a normative statement. Moral judgements can be divided into either special or general. According to W.K. Frankena (1973), he says that in a moral judgement; we can say that a certain action or type of action is morally good or bad obligatory or non-obligatory necessary or unnecessary to carry out. Such a judgement is called a judgement of moral obligation or denotic judgement. As a class we can discuss matters that are not actions nor types of action concerning persons, their motives, aims and behavioural traits or nature. Similarly, we can also say they are morally good, bad, virtuous (having better behaviour or higher moral principles than others), vicious( evil, cruel) responsible, saintly, etc. Evaluation of this sort is called moral value judgement or aretaic(excellence of virtue) judgement. Table 1.1 1) Normative Statements with Moral Judgements Special General Judgements of moral obligation (Deontic judgements or obligations) I do not like to dispise anyone You need to be a dedicated student What Ahmad has done is wrong ? It is not proper to force your son to work until late night. We need to keep to our promise All dictators deceive their people All human beings need the right to freedom Bribery is wrong in the eyes of law. Moral value judgements (Aretaic judgements) my father is a kind-hearted penghulu he is always responsible in his work you ought to be fined alis motive is good. a good person does not cheat or steal benevolence(kindness) is a noble quality jealousy is an ignoble(mean) motive the person who can forgive such a negligence or mistake is a saintly person. 2) Normative Statements with Non-Moral Judgements Special General Judgements of non-moral obligation (deontic judgements) you need to buy a new pair of shoes you only need to buy tickets for this concert you really should sleep earlier shakira has to eat at the school canteen every day. to make a table, you need nails, not scotch tape. A good method is to send troops to the battlefield To answer correctly, students must read the questions care fully. All hostel residents should care for their safety Judgements of non-moral value (aretaic judgements) that car is good his life is not happy I did not brush my teeth in the correct way Kamarul attempted to defend his argument in the debate. pleasure is good in itself democracy is the best form of govt. peaceful demonstrations are allowed in many western countries sweet food is not healthy. Normative statements in the form of direction or orders ie. To direct or order an individual or the public to obey a regulation or law, ex : parents must be respected Non-normative statements are known as descriptive statements and they are not concerned with judgement of moral values. Ex : in Malaysia, reshuffling the cabinet is the prerogrative of the prime minister. No Matter Non-normative Normative 1 General elections Fewer people are registering themselves as voters Good citizens must register themselves as voters 2 Genetics We still do not know much genetic engineering Genetic manipulation should be used to check the deformity of babies at birth 3 Suicide Suicide cases have increased Killing oneself as a personal sacrifice is permitted 4 Pornography Pornography tarnishes life in the campus Pornography is banned in the campus 5 Parents Parents have authority in the family Always obey the orders of your parents Basic concept of value : 1) On our red currency note, bank Negara Malaysia makes this declaration this currency note is legal tender of Ten ringgit this is an example of value from the materialistic aspect. From the aspect of morality- there is no difference between a theft of RM10 and a theft of RM100, although there is certainly a difference in monetary value. 2) in a society, if a person has a lot of money, he is considered rich; if he does not have much money, he is considered poor. However, we should not assess a person solely on the basis of his wealth or the amount of money he possesses. Instead we should appraise him from the point of view his quality of living, his character and the moral values that he possesses. Such intrinsic value can only be felt by the person concerned or are noticed and taken into account by people who observe them. M.Rokeach (1973) in his book, The Nature of Human Values, points out another characteristic of moral value; a value changes from time to time and is different from one place to another. Values has its own functions ; it acts as a criterion or standard which is consistent and strong for an individual or society to act in a way that is good, correct, and acceptable it is an indicator, reference, and guide to solve moral conflict. Different moral values may be in conflict with each other, but a guide from value itself will be referred to in order to resolve the conflict. Ex; you are offered a reward to carry out a task which is dangerous. The task might be good for society but bad for your family (your safety is at risk) In this conflict, value plays an important role in making you arrive in a decision whether to accept the task or to reject the offer. It places a restriction on the behaviour or action of an individual or the society. An individual will or will not do something or behave according to the values held by family. Instrumental (Extrinsic) Values and Intrinsic Values Instrumental values: Quality received or rejected as instrument to achieve certain objectives Dependent on other values to achieve certain objectives Second order values; Bravery, diligence, respect for others. Intrinsic values: Quality received or rejected solely because it is good or bad without considering its effect. Not dependent on other values to achieve certain objectives. The value mentioned it itself the final objective First order value; kindness, love, justice Subjective values and Objective Values Subjective values : Quality accepted or rejected by someone who gives his views Accepted or rejected on the basis of an individuals opinion Objective values: Quality that may be valuable or not valuable but free from personal choice Accepted or rejected on the basis of a set of criteria agreed upon by all or a majority of people. Relative values and Absolute values Relative values : Value accepted or rejected by regulations in a society in order to achieve certain societal objectives Can change with time Absolute values: Value the worth of which is not related to the custom of a certain society Constant at all times and in all places and in almost all norms of society. Chapter 2 : Theories and Value Systems The objective of the theory of normative obligations is to guide us to make decisions and judgements about actions in certain situations i.e. to try to determine what we and other people ought to do. Social Morality Theory : (SM) The theory of SM is a theory which attempts to relate moral standards, regulations of a society and the countrys or universal law with ethical concepts. It also stresses the individuals responsibility to follow orders from an authoritative body. An individual has to know what he can and cannot do and whether a certain action is right or wrong or a certain behaviour is good or bad. Religious aspects Buddhists are advised not to be extreme in life i.e. not to unnecessarily torture themselves and not to be controlled by desire. They should also behave virtuously (to be kind and loving) in order to be rewarded, and finally to attain nirvana. Christians is governed by the commands and prohibitions set out in the Ten Cmmandments which prohibit killing, adulterous relations and stealing. Hindus are required to observe the moral regulations stated in ancient writings like the Ramayana and the Upanishads. These regulations guide the Hindus about what they ought to do and what they must avoid. Malays Muslims must practice a disciplined life observing the moral and ethical teachings of the Koran and the Hadis. Members of a society normally observe a system of moral standards with general principles related to moral norms. 2 most important functions are :- the moral standards system in the society identifies situations so that each person wards off self-interest to strengthen a system of behaviour that brings benefits to self as well as to other people moral standards serve to resolve conflict in the society by giving justifications that are acceptable to the public as bases for action which involves prudential claims and moral claims. Prudential claims are based on self interest that is on the needs, desires or objectives of individuals. Moral claims are based on standards that are outside the personal interest of individuals. A weakness of SM is that when different societies have laws, regulations, customs, and moral values that differ, misunderstanding, conflict and social tension may occur. Theory of Personality Virtues (PV) According to R.B. Ashmore, moral theory, which is said to be a systematic way in determining questions on values, begin when we ask, Why should I act in this way and not that ? MG Velasquez says that the individual is not born with the ability to understand and apply moral standards. This ability, like his physical, emotional and cognitive abilities, develops with maturity. Hence, his ability to deal with moral issues is formed as he grows. Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher says that our moral ability, called personality virtues or morally good habits, is built through training and repeated practice. Moral ability is taught to us by our families or by society until we have become accustomed to thinking, feeling and acting in ways that are morally appropriate. Qualities like courage, temperance, generosity, self-control, honesty, sociability, modesty and fairness or justice are personality virtues that can be acquired through habit. The formation of personality is in gradual stages and as follows : during childhood we are told what is correct and wrong. We will obey advice as to avoid punishment. Childhood obedience to moral standards is based on self interest. teenage the moral standards become internalized. We begin to understand the implications clearer and obey them. Obedience is based on loyalty to family, to friends to country. Matured we inherit from family, peers, culture or religion. We begin to evaluate moral standards. An individuals PV can be summarized as : All PV are acquired through the teaching-learning process or training. PV are habits, which means that they are ordinary deeds definite and prominent. When such a habit is formed, a stable tendency develops in the individual and this can be called that individuals characteristics. PV are operational ;ie they enable us to determine how to behave and act in a certain way PV are good; they differ from bad habits and vices. There are perfect, and allows us to act in the best possible manner. With the acquisition of PV, we become good individuals. Read up page 23 differences. 1993 THE TWELVE PILLARS (page 25) VALUE TIME DILIGENCE BRING SUCCESS ENJOY YOUR WORK MODERATION IS VIRTUE PERSONAL ENHANCEMENT BE KIND INFLUENCE BY EXAMPLE DUTIES MUST BE DONE PRUDENCE AND THRIFT GIVE PRIORITY TO PATIENCE SHARPEN YOUR ABILITY BE CREATIVE SERVICE ETHICS, VALUES AND NORMS Source : Institute Tadbiran Awam Negara (INTAN) Malaysia Refer to table 2.1 Personal Enhancement- positive negative (page26) Theory of Teleological Ethics Can be divided into 2 sectors :- Teleological Theory (TT) Deontological Theory (DT) TT states that whethera value is right or wrong depends on the final results of an action. The final decision depends on the number of good or right matters that have been done. TT places great emphasis on the consequential results of an action is also known as consequentialism. Utilitarianism Theory (UT) UT states that actions are right if they are useful or for the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. The bombing of Hiroshima, for example, was aimed at ending the world war which had caused untold suffering. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) an English philosopher introduced a scientific principle to analyze the quantity of pleasure. He allotted each factor with a value which can be analyzed into 7 factors : intensity of pleasure derived from an action duration of pleasure certainty of pleasure propensity of the experience of pleasure fecundity / tendency to be followed by more pleasure purity / tendency for an action to produce opposite effect and pain the calculus is done by multiplying the total balance with the extent or number of people experiencing pleasure or suffering. Factors 1 4 are used to measure the value of pleasure or suffering. It is only aimed at a person and his experience of pleasure and suffering. Factors 5 and 6 are used to measure when counting many pleasures and suffering. Factor 7 is used when many people are involved. It also shows by giving attention to the increase in general happiness. This means that that UT requires us to choose an action that will produce the greatest good ( happiness and pleasure) for the greatest number of people. Some weakness : the intensity of pleasure or pain is a subjective matter which is difficult to measure bcoz individuals feel differently. the quality of pleasure and pain experienced by one individual is not the same as that of another. It is difficult to measure the quantity of pleasure and pain of an individual at different times in different circumstances. Egoism Can be defined as a theory which considers a value as good if it benefits the individual himself/herself, and bad or cruel if it harms or causes him to suffer or loss. Egoism can be divided into 2 factors : psychological egoism is a descriptive theory which states how people act. It considers that all MEN are selfish. It stresses that people act for their own self-interests and cannot act in any other way 2) Ethical egoism prescribes how they ought to act and that all men ought to be selfish or have the right to be selfish. Factors that encourage egoism are : the social environment in influencing an individuals values our moral judgement, habits and behaviour are socially conditioned. b) The phenomenon called the new narcissism or admiration of oneself, emerged from the desire to defend oneself from feeling shame or guilty because of unequal distribution of profits which benefits oneself but causes others to suffer. The presence of inelasticity in motivation and encouragement. Psychoanalysis and genetic reports consider that each personality trait can be traced to infancy but has been argued and disagreed by many psychologist saying that the operative motive in a baby or a small child is not the same as an adult. Deontological Theory (DT) Deon means duty. A person who holds deontological views believes that to act morally, we must have self-consciousness in receiving specific constraints or rules which place our limits between self interest and the general good. Deontologists say that there factors which determine whether an action or rule becomes good or right apart from good or evil in its consequences. DT examines how responsible we are in treating other people and what our duties are towards them this is known as act oriented approach. It means the measurement or evaluation of ethics depends on the action of an individual and NOT the consequence of that action i.e. whether that action is right or wrong. From the DT theory- appears a principle known as Principle of Duty. Principles of Duty (PD) PD emphasizes duty for the sake of duty. Immanuel Kant is regarded by some philosophers as the most important thinker on ethics. He wrote on ethics, commitment to freedom, dignity, human prestige and moral obligation. He believed that moral obligation does not spring from God or community or human authority but from reasoning. His moral views came to be referred to as Kants Ethics read up, page 37. Kants Ethics 1 The concept of good will The principle of categorical imperative Kants Ethics 2 Formalism Rigorism Abstraction Conflicting ground of obligation Place of inclinations No accounts for wrong doing Chapter 3 The Values of Religion and Belief. Main religions and beliefs Islam Youngest of the worlds major religion From Saudi Arabia 1,400 years ago Spread to all over the world by the end of the 20th century Islam and human development life of an individual is a process which has continuity the process begins 9 months before baby is born, i.e. from the time of fertilization until death and enter hereafter. God, i.e Allah swt, will send an angel to place a roh or soul in the embryo. This will influence and determine 4 aspects of the babys fate in the future : livelihood deeds in the life death suffering or happiness death does not mean the destruction of roh. The roh will exist, after death, in a non-material from until punishment is passed on judgement day and it will be decided then whether YOU go to heaven or hell. The final objective of a virtuous life on earth for a muslim is to go to heaven eventually. Human Beings from an Islamic perspective : In Islamic view man does not emerge from a material process but is made by essence that controls the world, ie Allah and possesses 2 elements; roh and body. Man as Caliph / kalifah: mans appointment as a caliph is a great reward from Allah which makes him more noble than other creatures including the angles. The attributes of a caliph are basically in existence in man when he makes the agreement with Allah in the roh. As a caliph, man should display his natural attributes that he has within him through knowing and believing in Allah and His qualities Islamic Holy books: The Koran is regarded as the original teaching of Allah. The holy verses in it contain messages revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad s.a.w. Hadith (hadis) which is a record of the saying and actions of the Prophet S.a.w. Koran and Hadith are the most authoritative sources of Islamic teaching. Read up Koran Hadis Aspects of Islamic Teaching The concept of Ibadah Islamic Moral Values: only the Koran must be the yardstick to understand Islamic moral value. If one practiced the Koran in full, one would be virtuous and pure Failure to obey or rejection of the Koranic teaching would bring chaos and disorder to mankind. Islamic morality is founded on aqidah (faith); provides strong foundation for the belief in Allah in the qadak and qadar (Faith), in sin and merit (pahala) in rewards and punishments in the hereafter. The Koran itemizes behavioural traits that are despicable : unbelieving in Allah s.w.t. hypocritical envious jealous treacherous (dangerous but looks safe) lying, cheating, killing, drinking, committing adultery, etc. Read up examples of Islamic morals and important terms. Christianity places great importance on the worship of God there is only 1 god and is a union of 3 persons God of Father, God of Son and God of the Holy Spirit. The founder of the religion is Jesus Christ. Anno Domini (AD), the year of the birth of Jesus Christ. A.D is used in dates in the non-muslim world to indicate the number of years or centuries that have passed since the birth of Jesus. Christians consider Jesus is the son of God sent to world to free man from sin. The Bible is the holy book for Christians. 2 parts ie Old Testament, written before the birth of Jesus Christ, and the New Testament, written by followers of Jesus Christ. History and Christian Denominations: Christ mean deliverer The earliest Christians were Jews who believed that Jesus was a prophet who came from that community. Old testaments deals with preparation and implementation about the birth of Jesus . New testaments is a testimony to the life, death and triumph over death of Jesus ,the new community, (the church) people of god which emerged as a result of Jesus. Denominations: The Orthodox church mainly in eastern Europe and Russia The Roman Catholic church the largest Lutheran church supporters and followers of Martin Luther (german). The protestant church in Germany The Calvinist Church followers of John Calvin of the Protestant sect The Anglican Church Church of England Methodist. Christianity and Human Development : Mans relationship with God is more important than physical and cognitive development and growth. Many Christians believe the difference between man and animal is that man has been created in the likeness of God. This puts man on a higher class than gods other creatures. Man has 3 types of soul ie:- growing soul enables man to multiply and grow feeling soul are external senses and internal emotions Intellectual soul allows man to think, to remember to have affective, creative, etc Bible : Is a scripture of the Christians. It will guide man to live a moral, bright and excellent life, advice him to avoid sinful activities and save him from negative elements. The whole Bible contains 66 volumes. Genesis is the first book of Moses(the first volume) in the Old Testament mentions how god created the world in 6 days and rested on the 7th, the first man and woman; Adam and Eve. In the book of Proverbs it says obey your parents, avoid sin, be loyal and faithful, be rational avoid adultery, dont be lazy, be honest, be generous. The Revelation of Jesus Christ is the last volume in the New Testament. Mentions the teaching of Jesus Christ. It contains other ethical values taught by Jesus such as humility, friendliness, patience, fairness, moderation, consideration for others. Terms in Bible : Read -up page 70 Bible; God; Man; Heaven; Sin; Hell; Jesus Christ Christian Festivals read up page 71 Refer to the text book from pages 72 to 96 on these religions. Buddhism Hinduism Taoism Confucianism Sikhism Native beliefs END CHAPTER 4 THE MORAL PERSON The concept of moral will be looked at in 3 aspects : Moral content Moral form Moral dimension A) Moral content Refer to rules of society and human characteristics. Under the rules of society, there are certain restraints on their freedom to act in order that the safety and human rights of others can be protected. These rules are compiled from old and new knowledge and experience in human life. The moral issues experienced first by an individual are the customary rules and regulations that form the mores of a society. These customs are validated by a human group. It refers to standards or rules of our ancestors. An individual accepts and acts accordingly because they are prescribed norms. They cannot be disobeyed or challenged. Expected to behave within the boundaries of customer morality. Reflective morality calls for reasoning and consideration of the individual. This leads to the formation of specific criteria to judge the way to act The difference between customer morality and reflective morality is not what is believed but the reason that belief is preserved Rules of society can be put into 10 points : improve the standard of living of the people develop the intellectual capacity of the people so that they can function more effectively protect human life defend human rights and peoples welfare prevent degradation in behaviour and morals of the society stabilize conditions in the society maintain peace in the society create and preserve social order preserve social harmony 10) save time and effort when making decisions for oneself or other people. Human characteristics can be applied to Intrinsic motivation not to do something in a certain way, ex; reluctance to break or promise, or hurt person and reluctance to help someone in need. Feeling of guilt and disapproval when an individual acts in a manner contrary to his own intrinsic motivation. Believed importance conduct brought about by intrinsic motivation is considered very important to an individual to the extent that he feels it should become part of his nature. Admiration or esteem Opposed to the negative attitude one has for people lacking in moral motivation is feeling of admiration and esteem for someone who has done something extraordinary in he moral sense. Special terminology A person find it difficult to or does not know how to communicate his motivation, action or feelings. Believed justification must have justification for his motivation, sinful feeling, disagreeable attitude and admiration. B) Moral forms You are offered a high position in a government department that is riddled with corruption. If you try to oppose the corrupt system they expel you and replace you with someone new. In such a situation, is it right for you to accept the offer ? How do you resolve the moral conflict or dilemma ? Using your intelligence and referring to societal rules; Consider moral principles which you consistently uses; Arrange the principles in a hierarchy so that one of more basic moral principles can be used as a tool to justify other moral principles; Make sure the principles in No 4 do not conflict with each other. Read-up on Principalistic Ethics Form and Situational Ethics Form page 106-107. Moral Dimensions can be broken into 3 factors; reasoning; feeling and performance. Refer to the diagram on page 108/109 Moral reasoning to think and judge rationally and freely. Moral feeling love, compassion, sympathy. Moral performance to conduct oneself that is morally correct. Moral Agent and Recipient and Ethical Dimensions -page 110 CHAPTER 5 SOLVING MORAL CONFLICT Types of conflicts that may arise : A type of right may clash with another type of right, or a kind of freedom may clash with another type of freedom. BN and PKR conflict may arise between one person and another rights, utility, happiness, freedom and justice conflict arises between various values and concerns. Ethical Conflict Egoism and general utility egoism can be seen when ones life is delightful (self or own interest) and general utility refers to interest or welfare of others rather than self. Happiness and duty good or bad (good for self but bad for others) right or wrong (right decision for self but wrong decision for others) Normative Conflict in Social Philosophy related to freedom, justice, rights, law and sovereignty. Some of these conflicts can be categorized as ; Conflict between justice and social utility many groups in society can be said to be very costly, ex ; children, the elderly and handicapped. They incur greater cost than benefits they bring. By reducing these cost, we are denying these group of people from a full share of benefits seems unjust / wrong. Education, medical treatment and special care should be considered. It is clear that the cost of the expenditure is higher than the benefits derived from them. In a situation like this, justice and utility conflict. 2) Rights and Freedom a woman has the right to have as many children as she likes, but the UN Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that it is the right of every children to have nutritious food and medical care. To maintain that right, only mothe